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Termites are less likely to be assaulted by parasites than bees, wasps and ants, as they're generally well protected in their mounds.122 Nevertheless, termites are infected by a variety of parasites. A few of these include dipteran flies,123 Pyemotes mites, and also a high number of nematode parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida; others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.
M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only takes place when a colony is under great anxiety. .
Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.130131
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Foraging behavior depends on the form of termite. For instance, certain species feed on the timber structures that they inhabit, and many others harvest food that is near the nest.132 Most employees are seldom found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.
When they find a food source, they communicate with other soldiers and a small force of employees starts to emerge. In the second stage, workers appear in large numbers in the website. The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of employees.136 Isolated termite workers may engage in Lvy flight behaviour as an optimised strategy for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.137.
Competition between two colonies consistently results in agonistic behaviour towards each other, resulting in struggles. These struggles can cause mortality on either side and, in some cases, the gain or loss of land.138139"Cemetery pits" could be present, in which the bodies of dead termites are buried.140
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Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, some of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering.134141 Dead termites from other colonies found in exploratory tunnels contributes to the isolation of the area and thus the need to construct new tunnels.142 Conflict between two competitors does not necessarily occur.
Since C. formosanus colonies can get into physical conflict, some termites squeeze closely into foraging tunnels and die, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic actions.144.
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens can compete with each other to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This battle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, together with all the king, accepts over the colony.145
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Ants and termites can compete with each other for nesting space. In specific, ants that prey on termites normally have a negative effect on arboreal nesting species.146
Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.41134 These methods of communication are employed in an assortment of tasks, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, and locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.41134 The most common way of communicating is through antennation.134 A Full Report number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (which can be transmitted when employees are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alert, path and sex pheromones.
Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and gender pheromones derive from 2 glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands.41 When termites head out to search for meals, they forage in columns along the ground throughout vegetation. A path can be identified by the faecal deposits or runways that are covered by objects.
When termites construct their nests, they use predominantly indirect communication. No single termite are in charge of any specific construction project. Individual termites respond rather than think, however at a set level, they exhibit a sort of collective cognition. Specific structures or other items such as pellets of columns or soil cause termites to start building.
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The result is a self-organised process whereby the information that directs termite activity results from changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.134.
Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through compound communication and gut symbionts: compounds consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Every colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is Due to genetic and environmental factors such as the termites' diet andThe composition of these bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.
Termites rely on alert communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be discharged when the nest has been broken or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites always avoid nestmates infected visit this site right here with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional procedures of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.